GBIC Transceiver Modules

Optical transceiver is a mechanical mixture of receiver and transformer. It connects the network and fiber optic patch cords. It supports a range of physical media that includes legacy copper and long wave single mode fiber for extended lengths. GBIC transceiver is such a type of optical transceiver.

GBIC is short for Gigabit Interface Converter, that has been a standard form factor for optical transceivers. The modern day transceivers that are offered on the market today have been created using various technologies. The prominent one is the GBIC transceiver which are hot plug-hole. This selection enables an appropriately designed enclosure to be changed from a distinct kind of external interface to a different by just plugging a GBIC possessing an alternate external interface.

Essentially because of the elasticity, the GBIC is regarded as an appealing paradigm in networking equipment. In networks where a range of diverse optical technologies are deployed, IT staff can procure GBIC transceiver modules as needed, for that exact type of link needed.

GBIC transceiver modules have numerous uses, benefits and features. They're apt for interconnections within the Gigabit Ethernet centers and swaps from one environment to the other. Designs by which these converters are set up are extremely simple for certain high-end performances. It also helps in point-to-point interaction that needs fiber channel or gigabyte interconnections. For example, the CWDM GBIC transceivers may be used in campuses, data centers and metropolitan area access networks for Gigabit Ethernet and fiber channels because it is a commendable and cost-effective option.

Within the optical networking arena, a GBIC is often used as an interface between Fiber optic system with an Ethernet system. Common applications include fiber channel and Gigabit Ethernet. The GBIC form factor allows manufacturers to create one type of appliance that can be used for either copper or optical applications. GBIC modules are also not stoppable, which the simplicity of upgrading optical networks and also facilitates users to change connections to match their requirements.

By means of a GBIC transceiver, Gigabit network devices are able to connect directly to single mode fiber ports, copper wires or any other multimode fiber ports. And for any interconnections within the Gigabit Ethernet hubs GBIC transceivers have been demonstrated to be ideal. SFP or even the small form factor portable is the restructured adaptation of GBIC transceiver. Transmission is possible from 500 meters to around 120 kilometers. Besides being passionate placable, they're simple to maintain. They will use the lesser kinds of fiber interface and the body that are much smaller compared to conventional GBIC. The converter designs are perfect for high performance and point-to-point exchanges that require gigabyte or fiber channel interconnections.

When you are installing this specific module, it is necessary to take note of the alignment pattern that is noted at the transceiver side making it compatible, rather apposite for the Ethernet interface slot. Users may feel the need to turn it to 180 degrees that's fit for that interface. Some of the product variants have been in copper wire, multi-mode fiber and single-mode fiber. However, GBIC transceiver module has got the choice of plug and play.

Why Have Bulk Fiber Cables Been The Backbone In Networks

With the creation of modern technology, it is apparent that computer data needs a faster and more economical way of travelling around. Many new networks will choose to use bulk fiber cable instead of traditional copper based cables to increase the capability and speed of the network.

Fiber optic cable transmission has the benefits of lightweight, small size, long transmission distance, large capacity, small signal attenuation, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and has been widely adopted by a number of networks. With the creation of the twenty-first century, the fiber optic cables, especial the bulk fiber cable will definitely constitute the primary body of our data transmission, telecommunications, CATV and radio network along with other dedicated networks.

There are many who would argue that the expense involved aren’t worthwhile for smaller installations, but buying bulk fiber cable can give you huge savings, making prices almost comparable. As with most bulk cable purchases, you will likely be anticipated to chop the cable and attach the fiber optic connectors yourself, which will not be a serious problem if you know how it operates.

In short, bulk fiber cable is really a network cable that actually works in exactly the same just like any other fiber optic cable. Rather than using copper as a conductor, fiber cables use glass fibers as a transportation approach of data. Unlike current driven cables such as CAT5 and CAT6, a fiber cable uses pulses of sunshine to transfer data with much less loss over long distances. In order to give you an idea of just how much data this type of cable is designed for, it has been tested at speeds well over one hundred megabits with very slight lack of signal.

Because you can transfer a signal over distances of kilometers rather than meters is what makes using bulk fiber cable such an appealing prospect. Setting a network over extended distances used to require a constant setup of signal repeaters across the entire cabling to get a continuous connection. Having to only use one bit of cable instead, actually makes the cost of fiber cable a lot more manageable for larger installations.

While the technology behind this kind of cabling is still fairly fresh, you will notice that network installations are becoming much faster plus much more consistent these days. While purchasing a choice of different cable lengths can quickly eat right into a budget, making your personal will save you huge sums of money in contrast. Considering that many networks have only recently been upgraded to CAT6 cabling, a lot of companies should probably wait a while before they make the jump to the fiber cable. Any organization that’s thinking about installing the best possible network solution should really look at using fiber cable to complete the job, and purchasing bulk fiber cable will assist you to reduce the overall cost by a minimum of a few.

Bulk fiber cables come in many different types, based on where it will be installed. You can find reliable bulk fiber cables on the Internet Market. For example, China fiber optic products supplier FiberStore supplies a wide range of optical fiber cable products including indoor cables, Outdoor Cables, FTTH Cables, Armored Cables, LSZH cables and some special cables. They’re diverse as Aerial Cables, Building Cables, direct buried cables, Duct Cables, Underwater/Submarine cables. Some of the ophthalmic fibers come with steel tube and steel wire armored, suitable for sea, lake and river applications. Only optical fiber that fits or exceeds industry standards can be used to make sure quality products with best-in-class performance.

QSFP Cables Offer You The Required Internet Speed

Are you an internet junkie and not in a position to enjoy it towards the fullest just because from the speed of the network or other hardware problems?

On top of which you might be unable to connect with your friends on social networks or accomplish your significant tasks. To be able to enjoy uninterrupted services, you need to manage and purchase the correct Direct Attach Cables. The cable plays a pivotal role in completing the system thereby proclaiming to offer you the required internet speed.

With the substantial amount of enhancement in quantity of internet users within the globe, there’s a great need for high speed cables which comprise an array of benefits. The concept is to pick the best quality cables to support you through your extensive internet sessions. Despite the fact that there are lots of cables available for sale, the optical QSFP+ cable is surely the best one of them. It’s a cost-effective cable used inside a short distance, that is perfect for data center connectivity.

This system will support 10G Ethernet, Fiber Channel, InfiniBand, Mini-SAS and SONET/SDH standards with different data rate options. It provides a highly cost-effective method to establish a 40-Gigabit link between QSFP ports of QSFP switches within racks and across adjacent racks. The cables are exceptionally flexible and utilize the Quad (4-channel) Small Form-factor Pluggable connector (often abbreviated as QSFP or QSFP+) to compose the most of signal’s potency. It permits the data transfer rate up to 10 Gigabytes per second and sustain a speed of two.5 Gigabytes per second with 8B/10B coding over a 3.125 Gigahertz channel.

Make sure any compatible cables satisfy the desired quality standard. They’re made to attach to switches or servers up to a distance of 150 meters and therefore are more economical than the typical fiber cable and optical transceiver combination. It is an integrated cable that efficiently bridges the distribution between switches, routers and desktops. Employing optical QSFP cables is a real advantage because they are easily available at highly affordable prices with cutting edge performance.

Other significant features of this cable include the thickness and firmness, which makes up about its sturdiness and reliability. It is very essential for the cable to become thick if it has to be use on the reasonably long distance. The cable ought to be factory finished in order to meet up the discrete specifications so that it can be ordered to the length. Another feature from the cable which makes it idiosyncratic in the rest of the cables around is its robustness. The cables are made up of leading edge technology and try to allow you to cherish your internet for long hours.

This might be the ideal time to upgrade from your older, slower copper cables to the newer, more reliable optical cables which offer you a remarkable and hassle free experience. These cables aren’t always available from your nearest computer parts store, however, you can easily search for them on the internet. There are more than the usual few websites and online stores that are offering these high-performance cables. You can also read the reviews and testimonials of consumers regarding services of the product.

Several Main 10G Fiber Optic Transceivers

10G fiber optic transceivers are designed for 10G or 10Gbit/s data transmission applications including 10 Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gbit/s Fiber Channel, Synchronous optical networking. After years of 10 Gigabit Ethernet’s existence, there has been various different form factors and optics types introduced.

Nowadays, 10G transceivers series mainly includes 10G XENPAK, 10G X2, 10G XFP and 10G SFP . XENPAK was the very first MSA for 10GE coupled with been the biggest form factor. X2 was later competing standards with smaller form factors. XFP came after X2 and it is also smaller. SFP offer a smaller form factor and also the ability to offer 1G/10G combo ports on hardware. This is a guide to these module types and optical standards currently available.

10G XENPAK

XENPAK is 10G fiber optic transceiver. It supports all optical ports as defined in IEEE 802.3ae, supporting speed 10.3 Gb/s,9.95 Gb/s or 3.125 Gb/s. XENPAK modules designed XAUI interface and knowledge shaping (CDR) function, which comply with the XENPAK MSA protocol and satisfy the application of 802.3ae Ethernet protocol 10GB. The 10G XENPAK optical modules include XENPAK 10GBASE-SR 300 meters (multimode OM3 fiber), XENPAK 10GBASE-LRM multimode fiber 220 meters, XENPAK 10GBASE-LR single-mode fiber 10-20km, XENPAK 10GBASE-ER single-mode fiber 40 km, XENPAK 10GBASE-ZR single-mode fiber 80km.

10G X2

X2 defines a smaller form-factor 10 Gb/s pluggable fiber optic transceiver optimized for 802.3ae Ethernet,ANSI/ITUT OC192/STM- 64 SONET/SDH interfaces,ITUT G.709,OIF OC192 VSR,INCITS/ANSI 10GFC (10 Gigabit Fibre Channel) and other 10 Gigabit applications.X2 is initially centered on optical links to 10 kilometers and is ideally suited for Ethernet,Fibre Channel and telecom switches and standard PCI (peripheral component interconnect) based server and storage connections. X2 is physically smaller than XENPAK but maintains the mature electrical I/O specification based on the XENPAK MSA and continues to provide robust thermal performance and electromagnetic shielding. The 10GB X2 fiber optic transceivers series includeX2-10GB-SR, X2-10GB-LR, X2-10GB-ER and X2-10GB-ZR, they are designed based on the X2 MSA and IEEE802.3ae. They’re created for the integrated systems solution provide, fiber optics distributor along with other IT distributors.

10G XFP

XFP is really a standard for transceivers for high-speed computer network and telecommunication links which use optical fiber. They sometimes operate at near-infrared wavelengths (colors) of 850 nm, 1310 nm or 1550 nm. Principal applications include 10 Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gbit/s Fibre Channel, synchronous optical networking (SONET) at OC-192 rates, synchronous optical networking STM-64, 10 Gbit/s Optical Transport Network (OTN) OTU-2, and parallel optics links. They can operate over a single wavelength or use dense wavelength-division multiplexing techniques. They include digital diagnostics that provide management which were added to the SFF-8472 standard. XFP modules make use of an LC fiber connector type to achieve high density. The 10G XFP fiber optic transceivers series include XFP-10G-MM-SR, XFP-10GLR-OC192SR, XFP-10GER-OC192IR and XFP-10GZR-OC192LR.

10G SFP+

10G SFP+ transceivers are multi-purpose optical modules for 10Gbit/s data transmission applications at 850nm, 1310nm and 1550nm. The transceivers are ideally suited for datacom and storage space network (SAN/NAS) applications based on the IEEE 802.3ae and Fibre Channel standards, Fiber Channel 10G, 8.5G, 4.25G, 2.125G, 1.0625G, 10G BASE-SW/SR/LR/ER, 1000Base-SX Ethernet. The 10G SFP fiber optic transceivers series include SFP-10G-SR, SFP-10G-LRM, SFP-10G-LR, SFP-10G-ER, SFP-10G-ZR, SFP-10G-LW, SFP-10G-LH, SFP-10G-LX and SFP-10G-ZW.

Cisco CR-X Core Router offers 10X Capacity Improvement over CRS-1

Cisco has unveiled the latest core router, Carrier Routing System-X (CRS-X). This system will work with Cisco’s new CPAK optical transceivers to support 400Gbps per slot. Capacity of this system will be able to expand up to 1 Pbps in a multi-chassis deployment, which is 10X the capacity of the original CRS-1.

 

CPAK 100-Gbps pluggable transceiver is based on the nLight silicon photonics technology, which is designed as a smaller, lower-cost alternative to CFP transceivers. This transceiver will first be used on Cisco ONS 1545 MSTP 100G coherent transponders.

 

Each 400-Gbps line card will use Cisco AnyPort technology to enable flexible interface configuration. For example, each interface can be configured for eight single-port 100 Gigabit Ethernet (EbE), 2x40GbE, or 10x10GbE and either short-, long-, or extended-reach optics by selecting the appropriate CPAK transceiver.

 

Cisco also will offer an integrated optics, which also called the new Cisco Nv “optical satellite.” Both leverage Cisco’s nLight technology for control plane automation. The nV optical satellite deployments operate as a single managed system with the Cisco CRS family.

 

The CRS-X has been designed to enable existing CRS-1 and CRS-3 system customers to  upgrade to the new platform easily in with minimal traffic impact via in-service replacement cards, or by adding CRS-X chassis to existing multi-chassis deployments.

 

According to Mike Haberman, vice president of network operations, Verizon Wireless, Cisco has provided Verizon Wireless with an intelligent core solutions and the ability to scale up to 40G per slot to meet customers future service demands.

 

Cisco executive vice president, board director and CTO, SoftBank Mobile Corp. also express, the continued development of the Cisco CRS platform has served as the foundation of their advanced network infrastructure for many year. With the ability to scale to 400G per second and highly available architectur, the CRS will continues to provid unparalleled investment protection and help ensure SoftBank Mobile’s ability to remain one of the leading broadband content and service providers in Japan.

 

FiberStore is one of the main fiber optic transceiver and routers providers, please visit www.fiberstore.com to get want you want.

Four Types Connectors Of Fiber Optic Patch Cable

A fiber optic patch cord, also known as fiber jumper or fiber patch cord, terminated with fiber optic connectors on both cable ends, used to achieve wired connections between devices. Only one end that can attach to fiber connectors is called Fiber Pigtail. Fiber patch cables, namely fiber optic connectors access to the fiber optical modules, have variety types and can not interoperate with each other.

Fiber optic patch cables are divided into different types based on connector types. In the following is detailed description of several common optical connectors used in network.

1. FC fiber optic patch cord: Using a metal sleeve to strengthen exterior, is a screw type connection. Commonly used in ODF (Optical Distribution Frame) side.

2. SC fiber patch cord: Connect to GBIC optical modules, is rectangular shell, is with a locking tab on the cable termination. It is a push and pull type fiber optic connector, without rotation. Mostly used on router switches.

3. ST fiber patch cord: Commonly used in fiber optic patch panels, rounded shell, is with straight tip type terminations. For 10Base-F connections, usually use ST fiber connectors, which is commonly used in fiber optical distribution frames.

4. LC fiber patch cable: Connect to the SFP modules, is a push and latch structure, it adopts modular jack (RJ) latch mechanism which is easily to operate. Commonly used in routers.

5. MT-RJ fiber jumpers: MT-RJ features two-fiber connection, that is to say, two fiberglass connection within one MT-RJ fiber optic connector; another special point is MT-RJ is with plastic housing and plastic ferrule.

ST and SC connectors are commonly used in the general network. ST head is inserted into the post-rotation half with a bayonet mount, the disadvantage is easily broken; SC connector plugged directly, very easy to use, the disadvantage is easy to swap out; FC connector is general used in telecommunications network, there is a nut screwed onto the adapter, the advantage is a solid, anti-dust, the disadvantage is that installation is a little longer. MTRJ fiber optic patch cable consists of two high-precision plastic molded connector and cable. External parts of connectors are precision plastic parts, including push-pull plug locking mechanism, applies to indoor applications in the telecommunications and data network system.

There are variety types of fiber connectors, in addition to the five types described above, there are ST, MU and so on.

At the label of fiber optic pigtail connector, we can often see the "FC / PC", "SC / PC" and so on, but they mean what?

1.The front part of "/" means the connector type of fiber pigtail.

"SC" connector is a standard square connector, using engineering plastics, high temperature resistance, not easily oxidized. Transmission equipment sidelight interface is generally with SC connector.

"LC" connector is similar shape with SC connector and smaller than SC connector.

"FC" connector is a metal joint, usually used in the ODF side, the metal connectors pluggable times is more than plastic.

2 followed "/" means fiber optic connector section process, refers to grind mode.

"PC" is the most widely used in the telecom operator's devices, the joint cross-section is flat.

The attenuation "UPC" is smaller than "PC", generally used for devices with special needs, some foreign manufacturers' ODF internal fiber jumpers use FC / UPC, mainly to improve the indicators of ODF device itself.

In addition, "APC" is more often used in broadcasting and early CATV, whose pigtail head use angled face, can improve the quality of television signals, mainly because TV signals are analog optical modulation, when the joint coupling plane is vertical, the reflected light is back along the original path.

Due to the uneven distributed fiber index will once again return to the coupling surface, although energy is very small but due to the analog signal is not completely eliminate the noise, so it is equivalent a weak signal with a delay superimposed on the original clear signal, shown on the screen is ghosting. Fiber Pigtail head with angle can let the reflected light can not return along the original path. General digital signal generally does not have this problem.

SFP+ Direct Attach Copper Cable Compares With 10GBASE-T

Direct Attach Cables (DAC) are high performance integrated duplex data link for bi-directional communication. And a SFP+ Direct Attach cable, also known as Twinax cables, uses SFP+ MSA and copper "twinaxial" cable with SFP+ connectors on both sides, provides 10 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity between devices with SFP+ interfaces. SFP+ Direct Attach Copper Cable is expected to be the optimum solution for 10G Ethernet reaches up to 10 m.

How does SFP+ Direct Attach Copper Cable Compare With 10GBASE-T?

1.10GBASE-T commonly used for 10MB, 100MB and 1GB network connections, while SFP+ Direct Attach Cable only for 10Gigabit Ethernet Network. And 10GBASE-T also support much longer distances than SFP+ Direct Attach Copper Cable.

The concept of standard, structured cabling provides a long-term underlying foundation of transmission infrastructure that follows a base set of engineering rules. 10GBase-T retains and abides by this by operating over the installed base of twisted-pair copper cable already in place for lower-speed applications. 10GBase-T uses the same cabling-link-negotiating concepts as do 1GBase-T, 100Base-T and 10Base-T, providing a clear path of bandwidth upgradeability as needed, by leveraging the existing pair infrastructure. Within a rack, following link segment specifications, the same 10GBase-T copper twisted-pair cabling will enable use with earlier Ethernet generations - 10MB, 100MB and 1GB operation. To extend this further, this same copper twisted-pair cabling is utilized outside the equipment distribution area (EDA) zone, connecting with horizontal distribution area in the data center.

As a technology, 10GBase-T enables network managers to preserve their knowledge base of Ethernet transport while seamlessly upgrading bandwidth capacity from 1G to 10G rates. Additionally, network managers preserve their underlying investment in the maintenance of standard, structured cabling systems. But SFP+ Direct Attach Cable is supported only on 10G ports. Do not insert a DAC into a 1G port.

The IEEE 802.3an-2006 10GBase-T Ethernet Standard specifies operation over standard, structured twisted-pair copper cable up to 100 meters. In contrast, 10G SFP+ Direct Attach is limited to 10 meters, with a reach of five to seven meters more commonly available. SFP+ Direct Attach cables longer than five meters are exponentially higher cost compared to shorter cables.

2. 10GBase-T offers the ability to field-terminate, while SFP+ Direct Attach cables cannot be field-terminated.

As a standard, structured cabling system, twisted pair cables are a known technology to data center cable technicians. Twisted pair cabling offers the ability to field-terminate, as needed, clean lengths in less than a minute. 10GBase-T implementations enable just such a clean, structured cable infrastructure.

SFP+ Direct Attach cables, in contrast, cannot be field-terminated. SFP+ uses a passive twin-ax cable assembly and connects directly into a SFP+ housing; they are specially terminated at the vendor site and must be purchased at pre-determined lengths. This adds overhead to cable management inventory, while preventing a clean, efficient cable infrastructure design.

3.Power Dissipation of 10GBase-T is higher than SFP+ direct attach cable.

At a physical layer (PHY) device level, 10GBase-T power consumption, whether at full 100-meter reach or 30-meter short reach mode, will be higher than SFP+ Direct Attach, including the electronic-dispersion-compensation chip. A 10GBase-T PHY, at the device level, can consume anything from two to four Watts per port compared to two Watts per port for SFP+ Direct Attach.

SFP+ direct attach cables are widely used in varies condition for short distance 10G transmission, and 10GBASE-T works with Cat 6 and Cat7 cable that are commonly used for 1Gb network connections, which all have their own special applications.

WDM PON And TWDM PON Technology

After the 10Gigabit PON(Passive Optical Network), WDM(Wavelength-division multiplexing) technology entered into traditional TDM PON fields. In April 2012, standard organization FSAN(Full Service Access Network) determined the time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM PON) technology became the preferred solution for next-generation passive optical network stage-2 (NG-PON2) architecture after10G PON. To better understanding WDM PON, I list the WDM technology below.

What Is WDM?

WDM is a method of combining multiple signals on laser beams at various infared wavelengths for transmission along fiber optic media. WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the signals together, and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart.

WDM systems are divided according to wavelength categories, generally course WDM (CWDM) and dense WDM (DWDM). CWDM operates with 8 channels (i.e., 8 fiber optic cables) in what is known as the “C-Band” or “erbium window” with wavelengths about 1550 nm (nanometers or billionths of a meter, i.e. 1550 x 10-9 meters). DWDM also operates in the C-Band but with 40 channels at 100 GHz spacing or 80 channels at 50 GHz spacing.

CWDM multiplexer module allows multiple optical signals at different wavelengths to pass through a single optical fiber strand. The common configuration of CWDM mux/demux module is 2CH, 4CH, 8CH, 16CH, 18CH CWDM mux/demux module.

DWDM Mux/Demux Modules – DWDM Mux and DWDM DeMux are designed to multiplex DWDM channels into one or two fibers. 50G DWDM Mux Demux is used to provide 50G transport solution for DWDM networking system. The common configuration is 4, 8, 16 and 32 channels, and also has 40, 44 channels. These DWDM modules passively multiplex the optical signal outputs from 4 or more electronic devices, send them over a single optical fiber and then de-multiplex the signals into separate, distinct signals for input into electronic devices at the other end of the fiber optic link.

WDM PON

WDM PON uses multiple different wavelengths over a physical point-to-multipoint fiber infrastructure that contains no active components (PON). Each provides a dedicated wavelength channel at the rate of 1Gbps to each optical network unit (ONU). The use of different wavelengths allows for traffic separation within the same physical fiber. The result is a network that provides logical point-to-point connections over a physical point-to-multipoint network topology. WDM-PON allows operators to deliver high bandwidth to multiple endpoints over long distances.

TWDM PON

For simple network deployment and inventory management purposes, the ONUs use colorless tunable transmitters and receivers. The transmitter is tunable to any of the upstream wavelengths, while the receiver can tune to any of the downstream ones. Optical Amplifiers are employed at the OLT side to boost the downstream signals as well as to pre-amplify the upstream signals. ODN remains passive since both the optical amplifier and WDM Mux/Demux are placed at the OLT side.

This type of TWDM PON system is valuable in a market where multiple operators share one physical network infrastructure. Coexistence with previous PON generations in the legacy ODN depends on the TWDM PON wavelength plan, reuse the XG-PON wavelength bands, redefine the C-band enhancement band to contain both the upstream and downstream wavelengths and mixture of both of these plans.

TWDM-PON standards are expected to complete in 2013, and a finished commercial system should see the light of day in 2014.

More information about TWDM PON, click here

Coriant Targets at India 100G Market

Summary: Newly formed Coriant company will enter the India maket in September this year. This company is not really a novice in this market, it is formed by the separated fiber optic network business from Nokia Siemens Networks jointing with Marin Equity Partners.

June 5 news, the newly formed Coriant company will enter the India market in September this year, the company is actually not a green hand in the market, because it is previously formed by Marin Equity Partners jointing with the separated fiber optic network business. Coriant will focus on meeting the needs of India’s expected 100G, company senior vice president of customer operations Mikko Lavanti said it is currently being developing the requirements of India carries for 100G. The company has now successfully entered more than 100 countries’ market, with more than two thousand employees and thousands of patents.

Data collection services in India is only in its infancy, it is foreseeable that the India telecom providers are currently just beginning to adopt 100G service. For example, Idea Cellular recently announced Huawei will help deploy 100G; Reliance Communications in Collaboration with Ciena has finished part of 100G deployment of the former. Coriant thinks their unique advantage is the focus on the fiber optic network. Lavanti represents “Coriant will mainly focus on fiber optic transmission, and in addition we are also one of the few of block zero debt and profitable company in the field. Coupled with the heritage the senior engineering tradition of the Nokia Siemens, we believe that our advantages in the fiber optic network have been highlighted.”

Ownership changes will also lead the variation of company’s operations means: NSN has primarily focused on mobile broadband, means fiber optic transmission is not included within the critical core areas. Lavanti explained, “We are now more flexible in mode of operation by providing a vary wide range of fiber optic solutions, customers no longer need to painstakingly search through the mobile market which can help solve the problems of its fiber optic suppliers.

Coriant will actively cooperate with public and private sectors, striving to meet the needs of local and neighboring fiber needs. In the India market, the company will complete with Huawei, Alcatel-Lucent, Ciena, etc.

Published by FiberStore, business news – www.fiberstore.com

Infinera And DANTE Achieved 2Tbps Capacity Installation And Activation In 12 Minutes

FiberStore news, Infinera and DANTE recently said, they completed the installation, activation 2Tbps capacity in less than 12 minutes, and the supply of 100GbE services. Infinera and DANTE co-operate European GEANT research and education networks.

Infinera and DANTE production used DTN-X platform to deploy GEANT fiber backbone network between Amsterdam and Frankfurt. Currently in service 671 km route includes 10 spans. DANTE selected DTN-X platform for GEANT in 2012.

2Tbps capacity needs 4 500Gbps super Channel, through links providing 100GbE services, supply process delay videos.

Jeff Bennett, solution and technical director of Infinera, said: "This is a real test to our quick configuration ability, using real equipment and software. If we use the traditional 100G transponder, at 20 ends, we need a total of 40 100G transponders. But Infinera's 500G solutions, in an operation cycle, enable engineers to provide up to five times higher operating capability than the original. Greatly improve customers’ time efficiency is an important value to coherent super channel. "

Further information, click here

Common Passive Fiber Optical Splitters

Fiber optical splitter, also named fiber optic coupler or beam splitter, is a device that can distribute the optical signal (or power) from one fiber among two or more fibers. Fiber optic splitter is different from WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing) technology. WDM can divide the different wavelength fiber optic light into different channels, but fiber optic splitter divide the light power and send it to different channels.

Work Theory Of Optical Splitters

The Optical Splitters “split” the input optical signal received by it between two optical outputs, simultaneously, in a pre-specified ratio 90:10 or 80:20. The most common type of fiber-optic splitter splits the output evenly, with half the signal going to one leg of the output and half going to the other. It is possible to get splitters that use a different split ratio, putting a larger amount of the signal to one side of the splitter than the other. Splitters are identified with a number that represents the signal division, such as 50/50 if the split is even, or 80/20 if 80% of the signal goes to one side and only 20% to the other.

Some types of the fiber-optic splitter are actually able to work in either direction. This means that if the device is installed in one way, it acts as a splitter and divides the incoming signal into two parts, sending out two separate outputs. If it is installed in reverse, it acts as a coupler, taking two incoming signals and combing them into a single output. Not every fiber-optic splitter can be used this way, but those that can are labeled as reversible or as coupler/splitters.

Attenuation Of Fiber Optic Splitter

An interesting fact is that attenuation of light through an optical splitter is symmetrical. It is identical in both directions. Whether a splitter is combining light in the upstream direction or dividing light in the downstream direction, it still introduces the same attenuation to an optical input signal (a little more than 3 dB for each 1:2 split). Fiber optic splitters attenuate the signal much more than a fiber optic connector or splice because the input signal is divided among the output ports. For example, with a 1 X 2 fiber optic coupler, each output is less than one-half the power of the input signal (over a 3 dB loss).

Passive And Active Splitters

Fiber optic splitters can be divided into active and passive devices. The difference between active and passive couplers is that a passive coupler redistributes the optical signal without optical-to-electrical conversion. Active couplers are electronic devices that split or combine the signal electrically and use fiber optic detectors and sources for input and output.

Passive splitters play an important position in Fiber to the Home (FTTH) networks by permitting a single PON (Passive Optical Network) network interface to be shared amongst many subscribers. Splitters include no electronics and use no power. They’re the community parts that put the passive in Passive Optical Network and are available in a wide range of break up ratios, including 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32.

Optical splitters are available in configurations from 1×2 to 1×64, such as 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32. There are two basic technologies for building passive optical network splitters: Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) and Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC). FBT Coupler is the older technology and generally introduces more loss than the newer PLC Splitter.

How To Get the Best Broadband Service

The best broadband service is by these factors are most important to you. If the money is not the problem, the best plan is likely to be the fastest. If money is the primary concern, the best broadband might be the least expensive service. If it's convenient, defined the best may be simple, call your cable TV company; or perhaps customer service is your number one concern, making your choice of the Internet Service Provider (ISP) the most important factor in choosing the best broadband provider. It's likely that it will be a combination of these factors taken in different degrees that will define the best broadband for you, so let's take them one at a time.

Fastest: If you have a need for speed and your wallet is willing to look the other way, watch out for fiber optic broadband. While only available in select areas, fiber optical cable is replacing copper telephone lines and can pack a whollop when it comes to bandwidth. This cable can deliver television, digital phone and Internet with plenty of room to spare. As of February 2009, a vendor offer speeds of up to 50 Mbps (megabits per second) of about $140 US Dollars (USD) per month. If your wallet just look back your way, consider bottom tier plans of 10 Mbps for about $45 USD per month.

Cable TV broadband will be the next best choice, if you need speed. Cable can handle the transfer rate of up to 30Mbps, though most cable plans to place limit bandwidth to accommodate more customers at reduced 3 Mbps. High local load, (many local residents surfing at once), can also slow service if allotted bandwidth runs short.

A top DSL program can wet your whistle of 6 Mbps speed, but be sure to ask if you live in the local DSL router or digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM). Your physical address to the DSLAM, nearly the speed of the closer you will be the top boundary of the plan.

Cheapest: DSL plans have introductory speeds at affordable prices, making this your best broadband choice when budget is the main concern. DSL providers offer plans with speeds up to 768 kilobits per second (kbps) for about $14 USD per month in most areas. Dial-up operates at less than 54 kbps, making even the slowest DSL plan many times faster for your cruising pleasure.

Easiest: If you don't have time to shop for a provider and you want to surf the Internet and the investment with the least loss of time, please contact your local cable TV provider. They will provide Internet access to your cable line directly or by subscribing you to a third party, to provide broadband service for them.

Many people think that the Internet cable is the best choice, because it is faster than DSL broadband, despite some cross over in speed and plans. Cable can theoretically accommodate up to 30

Mbps, but is usually capped by the provider at speeds between 3-20 Mbps. Cable Internet costs about $45 USD per month or more.

Best Customer Service: It may be, you are a new broadband, can comfort you through the process you want to know, if you need, no headaches long telephone tips and automatic menu, slowly let you are confused about what to do. In many cases, a local or smaller DSL company will provide superior customer service to large, national group, telecom or cable company.

Search listings of DSL providers in your area, then to contact potential suppliers by calling the customer service number listed on the website the ISPs. You should not be more than one menu to navigate to a real person, waiting for should be reasonable for the time of day. Asked on behalf of the company's customer service, and then with a little research online, and see how they are current clients.

Websites like DSL report has a wealth of information providers isp and interest rates according to the feedback. Note, however, the satisfactory companies rarely leave feedback and disgruntled customers tend to be more motivation. No company can please everyone, but you should get an idea, along with your phone, which companies might be the best broadband provider for you.

Regardless of priority, if you use the USENET Newsgroups, ensure that provides of news feed or you will be forced to get a third party service. The number of email addresses afforded might also be important if you'll be sharing the plan with family members. Provide your own modem can also save a small monthly fee, if you are comfortable configuration DSL or cable modem to connect to the service.

Source: FiberStore Tutorial

Choosing Fiber Optic Cable Or Copper Wire For Communication

When computer networks were invented, copper wiring was used for the cables that handled the Internet. But nowadays fiber optic cable is more often used for new cabling installations and upgrades, including backbone, horizontal, and even desktop applications. They are more favored for today’s high-speed data communications, such as Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, multimedia, ATM, SONET, Fiber Channel, or any other network that requires the transfer of large, bandwidth-consuming data files, particularly over long distances.

Fiber optic cables offer a number of advantages over copper.

Lower Cost–While fiber optic cable itself is cheaper than an equivalent length of copper cable, fiber optic cable connectors and the equipment needed to install them are more expensive than their copper counterparts.

Long Distance And High Capacity–Fiber optic cables carry communication signals using pulses of light. Only fiber optics can go the long distance. Not only is fiber optic cable capable of carrying far more data than copper, it also has the ability to carry that information for much longer distances. Fiber to the Home (FTTH) installations are becoming more common as a way to bring ultra-high speed Internet service (100 Mbps and higher) to residences.

Higher Bandwith–Fiber has a higher bandwidth than copper. Example: cat6 network cable is classified by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) to handle a bandwidth up to 600 MHz over 100 meters, which theoretically, could carry around 18,000 calls at the same time. Multimode Fiber, on the other hand, would have a bandwidth of over 1000 MHz which could carry almost 31,000 simultaneous calls.

Adaptable To Any Environment–Fiber optic cables don’t mind roughing it. Since fiber optic cables are glass-based, glass fibers don’t only escape interference. They are virtually free from the threat of corrosion, too. While copper cabling is sensitive to water and chemicals, fiber optic cabling runs almost no risk of being damaged by harsher elements. Fiber optic cables can be used outdoors — and in close proximity to electrical cables –without concern. As a result, fiber optic cable can easily endure “living conditions” that coaxial cable just can’t, such as being put in direct contact with soil, or in close proximity to chemicals.

For reasons stated above, fiber optic cable is a more reliable means of communication. While the decision on using copper cables or fiber optic cables may be difficult. It will often depend on your current network, your future networking needs, and your particular application, including bandwidth, distances, environment, and cost. While in some cases, copper may be a better choice.

Copper works on simple ADSL connections since there is not much of a distance from a modem to a phone jack on a wall. Copper usually transmits data without loss at distances of two kilometers or less. On top of all that, the demand for bandwidth in an ADSL connection is often low enough (around 6 to 8 Mbps on average) to use copper wires.

As the mature of fiber optic cables production, they are more affordable. Choosing fiber optic cables or copper wire for your communication is completely up to your future networking needs and your particular application.

Applications of Fiber Optics in communication systems

The use of fiber optic systems is expanding at a amazing rate. Only in the past Ten years, fiber optic communications systems have replaced just about all coaxial and twisted pair cables particularly in network backbones. This is also true in almost any long distance communication links.

This can be explained simply. Optical fiber cable is easier to set up, lighter than traditional copper cable, and much smaller than its electronic counterpart. The most crucial factor is it has much more bandwidth. Because fiber optic cables are lighter, they are simpler to survive existing ducts and cable raceways. There are other big benefits of fiber optic cables including their immunity to electromagnetic interference, longer repeater distances, lower power requirements, and better flexibility.

All the above pros make fiber optic cables very attractive and most important of all, very economical. The unstoppable trend for fiber optic applications would be the change from the long haul (long distance) to our desk, our house, and our office. The terms include FTTC ( fiber towards the curb), FTTD (fiber towards the desk), FTTH (fiber towards the home) and FTTB( fiber to the building). Fiber optic cables enable our imagine integrating all our phone, Internet and TV services. Fiber’s wide bandwidth makes this possible. It offers more than enough ability to meet all our voice, data and video requirements.

The transformation from copper to fiber is greatly accelerated through the invention of optical fiber amplifier. Optical fiber amplifiers enable optical signal transmission over very long distances without the expensive procedure for conversion to electronic signals, electronic amplification and the conversion to optical signal again as in traditional regenerators.

Today most of the network traffic switching continue to be done by electronic switches such as those from Cisco. But tremendous interest and effort of utilizing all-optical devices for those network switching are accumulating in the industry. The most important sign of all-optical switching lies in its almost unlimited transmission capacity. However, it is still within the prototype stage for controlling light with light, so optical swith circuits continue to be controlled by electronic circuits now. The switching matrix may be optical circuits but the control are still done by electronic circuits.

Optical fiber is nearly the perfect medium for signal transmission available today and in the foreseeable future. The excellent sign of optical fiber is its immunity to electromagnetic interference. Optical circuits can be crossed inside a common space without cross interference among them. But you will find problems which are impeding the rate of all-optical system development. The most obvious and basic reason may be the compatibility requirements with legacy fiber optic systems.

Another huge advantage of optical fiber is based on the opportunity to multiplex its capacity via WDM (wavelength division multiplexer). WDM modulates each of several data streams right into a different part of the light spectrum. WDM is the optical equivalent of FDM (frequency division multiplexer). The use of WDM can increase the capacity of merely one channel fiber optic communication system by countless times.

In additional to optical communication systems, fiber optic technology is also widely used in medicine, illumination, sensing, endoscopy, industry control and more.

About the writer:

Fiberstore is experienced on fiber optic communication technologies and merchandise. Learn more about fiber optic networks on www.FiberStore.com.

Fiber optic network has become the protagonist

The most of today’s telecommunication systems is run on a fiber optic network. This has been largely due to the fact that such networks are perfect for transferring information. The development in fiber optics continues to enhance considerably during the last decade, providing more and more benefits to their users.

It does not take a specialist scientist to know just how the process works. An optical fiber can be used to transmit a pulse of light in one spot to another. An electromagnetic carrier wave will be modulated in order to use the light to transfer the data. A transmitter is thus required to create the signal before is distributed across the said cable. It is important to observe that such networks also counteract any distortions to the signal, which would result in interference. When the signal is received at the other end, it’s converted into an electric signal.

Is transmission of data an issue for you together with your old networking technology? Your company should then consider installing a fiber optic network! Light is passed in the form of light pulses with an optical glass fiber. This beats the traditional way of transmitting information with the help of copper wires, because this approach to using optical fiber is quicker and is therefore a more sensible choice.

All this adds to the price of optical fiber being relatively high. Fiber optic networks are mainly suited in situations where information is transmitted to longer distances. Including several telephone companies too. These fiber optic networks can carry higher levels of data in a nutshell distances too.

The rapid growth and development of the internet in recent years has taken about the requirement for new methods to transfer information. Naturally, the faster this process is performed, the better for everyone. However, the amount of virtual traffic making the rounds the world has also been steadily increasing, so these kinds of networks have become indispensable in transferring data wisely.

Telephone companies have played the most significant part within the increasing reliance on fiber optics. Actually, numerous telecommunication companies realised the future is determined by such cables and optical solutions rather than the old copper wires of that time. The possibility of monopolizing the market drove these companies to take a position a lot in fiber optics.

Not only the larger companies use fiber optics but also the smaller business firms and personnel. Instead of using wireless networks this fiber optic technology can be easily be implemented in the home based computer networks too. These optical fibers are generally made from plastic. Anybody who wants a faster connection may use Ethernet technology at home or in the working environment Due to the low power LED bulbs been used, the constant maintenance cost of fiber optic networks are comparatively low.

In the educational sphere, fiber optic networks are also an instantaneous success. One must understand that nowadays education has become increasingly reliant on technology, so computers are playing a chief role in schools. Universities all around the world employ such networks to transfer educational matter between students and lecturers, in addition to between the students themselves.

There isn’t any doubt that these kinds of networks continues to shape the long run in regards to the change in information. More and more governments, companies and educational institutions are purchasing fiber optic infrastructure as it is clear that right now there isn’t any better alternative in the field.

However, fiber optic networks haven’t been implemented up to now in lots of parts of the country. Another major factor for that less using fiber optics is the labour charges involved with installation. The glass fiber is more sensitive than copper wires, which means that more care needs to be taken in installing and maintaining a fiber optic network. For this reason you will find several layers since the glass fiber in fiber optics.

About the author:

Fiberstore is experienced on fiber optic network products. Learn a little more about Cisco SFP and wire stripper on www.FiberStore.com.

Six common materials in fiber optic cable construction

There are mainly six common materials in fiber optic cable construction. Before you buy fiber optic cable, you should think about this. Here are the fiber optic cable materials with the introduction of their features and applications.

1. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)

Features:
1) Good resistance to environmental effects. Some formulations are rated for -55 to +55.
2) Good flame retardant properties. Can be used for both outdoor and indoor fiber optic cables.
3) PVC is less flexible than PE (Polyethylene) .

2. PE (Polyethylene)

Features:
1) Popular cable jacket material for outdoor fiber cables
2) Very good moisture and weather resistance properties
3) Very good insulator
4) Can be very stiff in colder temperatures
5) If treated with proper chemicals, PE can be flame retardant.

3. Fluoropolymers

Features:
1) Good flame-resistance properties
2) Low smoke properties
3) Good flexibility
4) Most often used for indoor fiber cables

4. Kevlar (Aramid Yarn)
Aramid yarn is the yellow fiber type material found inside cable jacket surrounding the fibers. It can also be used as central strength members.

Features:
1) Aramid yarn is very strong and is used in bundle to protect the fibers.
2) Kevlar is a brand of aramid yarn. Kevlar is often used as the central strength member on fiber cables which must withstand high pulling tension during installation.
3) When Kevlar is placed surrounding the entire cable interior, it provides additional protection for the fibers from the environment.

5. Steel Armor
Steel armor jacket is often used on direct burial outdoor cables and it provides excellent crush resistance and is truly rodent-proof. Since steel is a conductor, steel armored cables have to be properly grounded and loss fiber optic cable’s dielectric advantage.

Applications:
1) Outdoor direct burial cables
2) Fiber cables used for industrial environment where cables are installed without conduits or cable tray protection

Features:
1) Provides excellent crush resistance for outdoor direct burial cables
2) Protects cables from rodent biting
3) Decreases water ingress into the fiber which prolongs the fiber cable’s life expectancy

6. Central Strength Member
For large fiber count cables, a central strength member is often used. The central strength member provides strength and support to the cable. During fiber optic cable installation, pulling eyes should always be attached to the central strength member and never to the fibers. On fiber splice enclosure and patch panel installations, the cable central strength member should be attached to the strength member anchor on the enclosure or patch panel.

About the author:
Fiberstore is an expert on fiber optic technologies and products. Learn even more about plastic optical fiber and fiber optic pigtail on www.FiberStore.com.

SFP Optical Transceiver Modules

SFP package – hot little package module, the highest rate of up to 10G, is mostly used with LC interfaces. SFP is abbreviation of Small Form Pluggable, which can be simply considered as an upgraded version of GBIC. SFP module has half volume of GBIC, only the size of a thumb. It can be configured on the same panel, more than double the number of ports. SFP module has the same other basic functions as GBIC. Some switch vendors said the SFP module is mini GBIC.

SFP modules through the CDR and electronic dispersion compensation on the outside of the module, while the more reduced the size and power consumption. They are used for telecommunications and data communications applications in optical communication. SFP connected network devices such as switches, routers and other equipment motherboards and optical fiber or UTP cables. SFP is also a kind of industry specifications which some fiber optic device providers support. SFP modules support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel as well as some other communication standards. This standard extends to SFP+, which can support 10.0 Gbit/s transfer rate, including 8 gigabit Fiber Channel and 10GbE. The introduction of fiber optic and copper versions of the SFP+ module versions, and the module’s XENPAK, X2 or XFP version comparison, SFP+ module will remain in the part of the circuit board to achieve, rather than the module implementation.

SFP transceivers have many different types of transmission and reception, the user can select the appropriate link for each transceiver to provide based on available fiber types (such as multi-mode fiber or single-mode fiber) can reach the optical performance. Available optical SFP modules are generally divided into the following categories: 850nm / 550m distance MMF (SX), 1310nm wavelength / 10 kilometers from the SMF (LX), 1550nm / 40 km distance XD, 80 miles from the ZX, 120 yards from the EX or EZX, and DWDM. SFP transceivers are also available copper interfaces, making the design primarily for fiber optic communication devices are also able to host UTP network cable communication. There are also CWDM SFP and single-fiber “two-way” SFP.

SFP optical module configuration are: lasers (including transmitter TOSA with the receiver ROSA) and board composition IC and external accessories and external accessories, there are housing, base, PCBA, pull ring, clasps, unlock, rubber stopper composition, In order to facilitate the identification generally pull ring color discrimination module parameter type.

In accordance with the rate divided 155M/622M/1.25G/2.125G/4.25G/8G/10G, 155M and 1.25G market is used more, 10G technology is maturing, demand is rising attitude to development. In accordance with the wavelength divided 850nm/1310nm/1550nm/1490nm/1530nm/1610nm, the SFP 850nm wavelength multimode transmission distance 2KM below 1310/1550nm wavelengths for single mode, the transmission distance 2KM above, relatively speaking, this three wavelengths price is cheaper than the other three.

Many people do not know the difference between SFP and SFP+. This sometimes caused unnecessary trouble. 10G module has gone from 300Pin, XENPAK, X2, XFP development, and ultimately with the same size and SFP 10G transmission signal, which is the SFP+. SFP with its compact low cost advantages to meet the equipment needs of high-density optical modules, implemented from 2002 standard to 2010 has replaced 10G XFP and become the mainstream of market.

SFP+ optical modules have these following advantages. First, SFP+ package has the more compact dimensions than than XFP X2 (with the same size as SFP). Second, SFP+ optical modules can be direct connected with XFP, X2 and XENPAK modules which have the same types. Third, the cost ratio is lower than XFP, X2 and XENPAK products.

FiberStore offers cost-effective standards-based compatible Cisco SFP Transceivers. As a 3rd party OEM manufacturer, our Cisco SFP transceiver is delivered to worldwide from our factory directly.

Source: FiberStore

Optical Active Devices Categories Introduction

In fiber optic networks, optical active devices are key components. It can convert electrical signals and optical signals to each other, the optical transmission system of the heart. Optical active devices are divided into the following three categories.

A. Light Source

The device that converts electrical signal into optical signal is called light source. The main light sources are light emitting diodes (LED) and laser diodes (LD).

B. Optical Detector

The device that converts optical signal into electrical signal is called optical detector. The main optical detectors are photodiode and avalanche photodiode.

The optical signal transmitted through the optical fiber reaches the receiving end, the receiving end has a light receiving element signal. But since we know of light has not yet reached the level of awareness of the electricity, so we can not direct the optical signal obtained by reducing the original signal. Between them, there are still one of the optical signals into electrical signals, and then by the electronic circuit to amplify the process, and finally restore the original signal. The reception switching element is called the light detector, or photodetector, short detector, also known as photo-detector or a photodiode. Common optical detector comprising PN photodiodes, PIN photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APD). Optical fiber communication systems require optical detector to be high sensitivity, fast response, low noise, stable and reliable.

C. Optical Amplifier

Optical fiber amplifier has become active devices rookie. Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) has currently a large number of applications , while optical fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) is very promising.

Fiber amplifiers can not only amplify the optical signal directly, but also have real-time, high gain, broadband, online, low-noise, low-loss optical zoom function. They are essential key components in the new generation of fiber optic communication systems.

Since this technology not only solved the attenuation of optical network transmission speed and distance limitations, more importantly, it created a 1550nm band WDM, which can enable ultra high-speed, large-capacity, ultra-long haul wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), optical transmission, optical soliton transmission becomes a reality. It is epoch-making milestone in the history of optical fiber optic communication development.

In practical optical fiber amplifiers, there are mainly EDFA, semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and FRA, of which the EDFA amplifier with its superior performance is now widely used in long-distance , large capacity, high-speed optical fiber communication systems, access networks, optical fiber CATV networks, military systems in areas such as power amplifiers, repeater amplifiers and preamplifiers. Optical Fiber Amplifier is generally constituted of the gain medium optical fiber amplifier, the pump light input-output coupling structure.

Source: FiberStore

Optical Passive Categories Introduction

Optical passive devices is an important part of the communication device, but also the other optical components indispensable application areas. There are mainly four categories of Optical Passive.

(A) Active Fiber Optic Cable Connector

Fiber optic cable connector is connected to two active optical fiber to form a continuous optical path and can be repeated assembly and disassembly of passive components; also has the fiber optic cable with active devices, fiber optic cable and other passive components, fiber optic cables and systems and instrumentation carry out activities connections. Active connector along with the development of optical communication development, has now formed a complete range, a wide variety of systems products, fiber applications are indispensable, the most widely used component of the foundation.

Their function can be divided into the following sections: Connector plugs, fiber jumpers, converters, inverters, etc. These components may be used alone as the device, a component can be used together. In fact, an active connector is used to refer two connector plug plus a converter.

(B) Optical Attenuator

Optical attenuator is a certain amount of optical power can attenuation device. Optical attenuator can be broadly divided into fixed and variable types. Fixed attenuator and variable attenuator of the main indicators of its attenuation accuracy, precision, and stability or repeatability, as well as applicable wavelength region.

A fixed optical attenuator fixed amount of attenuation of the optical path of the light energy is mainly used for its excellent temperature characteristics. Debugging the system, commonly used in analog optical signals through a fiber attenuation and the corresponding relay station or decrease in the optical power of the room to prevent the optical receiver saturation; also be calibrated for an optical measuring instrument calibration.

For different line interface, you can use different fixed attenuator; if the interface is a pigtail type available pigtail type optical attenuator welded to the optical path between the two sections of fiber; If you are debugging the system connector interface converter or inverter-type fixed attenuator. In practical applications often require attenuation amount of the optical attenuator can be changed with the user needs. Therefore, the variable attenuator wider range of applications. For example, EDFA, CATV optical system design margin of the actual system is not exactly the same, the optical power margin of the system BER assessment, to prevent the receiver is saturated, it must be inserted in the system variable optical attenuator, another , fiber optics (such as a power meter or OTDR) measurement, calibration will also use the variable attenuator. From the perspective of market demand, on the one hand, the optical attenuator development toward miniaturization, serialization, low price direction. On the other hand, due to the common type optical attenuator, optical attenuator is development direction toward high-performance, intelligent optical attenuator, high return loss optical attenuator.

(C) Optical Switch

Optical switch is an optical path control device, the optical path switching plays a role in the optical fiber transmission network and a variety of optical switching systems, computer control can be achieved spectral exchange, to achieve between the terminals, between the center terminal and the distribution of information and exchange intelligence; in the ordinary optical transmission system, an optical path for the active and standby switching can be used in optical fiber, optical devices and optical fiber sensor network test, the optical fiber transmission systems, measuring instruments or the sensing system is stable and reliable easy to use.

CATV optical network in order to ensure uninterrupted operation of cable systems, should be equipped with a backup optical transmitter, an optical transmitter is working when a failure, the use of optical switch can be in a very short time (less than 1ms) to Backup optical transmitter access system to ensure it is working properly.

According to its operating principle, the optical switch can be divided into mechanical and non-mechanical two categories. Mechanical optical switch optical fiber or optical components by moving the optical path changes, currently on the market are generally mechanical optical switch, the advantage of low insertion loss, typically less than 1.5dB; high isolation, typically greater than 45dB, and without polarization wavelength effects. Non-mechanical optical switch is to rely on electro-optic effect, magneto-optical effect, sound and light effects and thermo-optic effect to change the refractive index of the waveguide, the optical path is changed, which is a new technology, the advantages of this type of switch: switch time is short, Small size, easy integration of optical or electro-optical integration; deficiencies are large insertion loss, isolation is low.

(D) WDM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology in an optical fiber multiple wavelengths of light simultaneously transmitted carrier signal, and each optical carrier by FDM or TDM mode, each carrying multiple analog or digital signals. The basic principle is the sending side optical signals of different wavelengths are combined (multiplexed), and is coupled to the same fiber optical cable for transmission, the receiving end turn these combined signals at different wavelengths separated ( demultiplexing), and further processed to recover the original signal into a different terminal. Therefore, this technology called optical wavelength division multiplexing, short wavelength division multiplexing technologies.

Source: FiberStore

Optical Attenuator Types and Applications

Optical attenuator is a very important fiber optic passive components. It’s an indispensable device for fiber CATV. So far the market has formed four series that are fixed-step, variable, continuously variable and intelligent optical attenuator.

Types of Optical Attenuators

A. Displacement Optical Attenuator

As we all know, when the two sections of optical fiber connection, must meet a really high accuracy, in order to make the optical signal a smaller loss transmission previously. Conversely, when the fiber to help make the appropriate alterations in the precision, you can control the amount of attenuation. Displacement-type optical attenuator is based on this principle, the intention of the fiber within the butt, the appearance of certain dislocation. The sunshine energy loss, in order to achieve the purpose of a controlled amount of attenuation, the displacement-type optical attenuator is divided into two types: the lateral displacement type optical attenuator, the axial displacement of the optical attenuator. The lateral displacement from the optical attenuator is a classical method, due to the magnitude from the lateral displacement parameters in the micron level, so generally do not have to produce a variable attenuator is used only for producing fixed attenuator, and the use of welding or stick connection, there is still a sizable market, the benefit of high return loss, generally more than 60 dB. Axial displacement type optical attenuator by mechanical means as long as the process design of two optical fibers a certain distance with the objective, is possible attenuation. This principle is mainly employed for producing fixed optical attenuator and some small variable optical attenuator.

B. Thin-film Optical Attenuator

This attenuator is created while using principle of sunshine in the reflected light concentration of the top of metal thin film film thickness. When the thickness from the metal thin film deposited around the glass substrate is bound, made of a set optical attenuator. Different attenuation can be obtained if inside a different thickness of a disk-shaped metallic thin wax glass substrate, metallic thin film, so that inserted within the optical road to different thicknesses so that you can alter the intensity of the reflected light within the optical fiber inserted obliquely deposited Cover made of the variable attenuator.

C. Attenuation-sheet Optical Attenuator

Attenuation the chip type optical attenuator directly fixed attenuator through an absorption characteristic in the end surface of the optical fiber or even the optical path to attain the reason for the attenuation from the optical signal, this process can not simply be used to produce a fixed optical attenuator can also be used to produce the variable optical attenuator.

Applications of Optical attenuators

A set optical attenuator fixed amount of attenuation of the optical road to the sunshine energy is principally used for its excellent temperature characteristics. Within the commissioning from the system, widely used in analog optical signal through the corresponding period of optical fiber attenuation or reduce the margin from the optical power the relay station may also be used to prevent saturation from the optical receiver; optical test instrument calibration scaling. For different line interface, you can use different fixed attenuator; if the interface is really a pigtail type available pigtail type optical attenuator welded towards the optical path between the two sections of fiber; If you are debugging the machine connector interface converter or inverter-type fixed attenuator.

In practical applications often require attenuation quantity of the optical attenuator could be changed using the user needs. Therefore, a wider range of applying the variable attenuator. For instance, EDFA, CATV optical system design margin of the particular product is not quite the same, the optical power margin of the system BER assessment, to prevent the receiver is saturated, it should be inserted within the system variable optical attenuator, another , fiber optics (such as a power meter or OTDR) measurement, calibration will also make use of the variable attenuator. From the perspective of market demand, on the one hand, the optical attenuator development toward miniaturization, serialization, low price direction. However, due to the common type optical attenuator, optical attenuator is development direction toward high-performance, intelligent optical attenuator, high return loss optical attenuator.

Source: FiberStore